In answer to an objection that the country was not yet ready for independence, according to tradition he replied that it "was not only ripe for the measure, but in danger of rotting for the want of it."[20][21]. He turned it into a very successful institution, and was a very popular man as a result. Conditions were horrific in prison where over 12,000 men died in prison ships and prisons in New York compared with 4,435 battle casualties during the entire war. All his cattle, horses, hogs, sheep, grain and forage have been carried away by them. As president of Princeton, Witherspoon educated five delegates to the U.S. Witherspoon's wife had opposed her husband's taking the position but her objections were overcome with the aid of his future son-in-law Benjamin Rush, who was a medical student in Edinburgh. The males in his family were all clergymen, and he was trained to become a Presbyterian minister. Stockton slowly regained his health and returned to his law practice to support his family but later developed cancer. John Penn - John Penn was a self-taught lawyer whose main duty during the Revolutionary War was to keep the North Carolina militia supported with supplies. [5] Witherspoon became prominent within the Church as an Evangelical opponent of the Moderate Party. Stocktons great-grandfather was Richard "The Emigrant" Stockton, 1635-1707, who arrived in Flushing, Long Island, New York, when it was still New Netherland. by John C. Glynn, Jr. and Kathryn Glynn, 2008, Sources:American Archives. They were the parents of at least 4 sons and 2 daughters. He was dispatched on a fact finding tour to the northern army. "No business can be done, some say, because money is scarce," he wrote. Ramsay, the celebrated historian. He studied law with David Ogden, of Newark, who was at that time the head of the legal profession in the province. John Witherspoon was always aware that many in England (even King George) saw the Revolution as more than a war for the independence of the American Colonies. A presidential visit Joseph Hewes died in 1779, literally from overwork, a lonely man separated by principle from his Quaker friends and family. In this connection it may be noted that in 1790 President Witherspoon, while a member of the New Jersey Legislature, was chairman of a committee on the abolition of slavery in the state, and brought in a report advising no action, on the ground that the law already forbade the importation of slaves and encouraged voluntary manumission. He died in 1794 on his farm Tusculum, just outside Princeton, and is buried along Presidents Row in Princeton Cemetery. In his lectures on moral philosophy at Princeton, required of all juniors and seniors, Witherspoon argued for the revolutionary right of resistance and recommended checks and balances within government. [9] "Common report, moreover, may be attributed to Judge Stockton some of the exploits of a distant cousin, Major Richard Stockton an obnoxious Tory, who did take Howe's protection and went over to the British until he was captured in Feb. It was only through a protracted effort on the part of several eminent Americans, including Richard Stockton and Benjamin Rush, that the colonies were able to acquire his service. valuable signature in the world, outranked only by that of Martin Luther and Button Gwinnett, a Georgia signer of the Declaration of Independence. Richard Stockton later declared Adams the Atlas of the hour, the man to whom the country is most indebted for the great measure of independency. Only John Hancock signed the declaration that day, and a formal signing by all the delegates was scheduled for August 2nd. From Antigua they moved to Darby, Pennsylvania where Annis was born in 1736, then moved to Philadelphia where her father established a shop and home next door to Benjamin Franklin. They traveled to Albany, Saratoga, Ticonderoga, and every facility necessary to implement their mission, aided by General Schuler, who commanded the northern army. The Presbyterian Handbook, Revised Edition - Page 59 [27], Witherspoon was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1789[33], Scottish-American Presbyterian Minister (1723-1794). Parades and demonstrations, patriotic observances and celebrations, were held across the states. George III. The office of a judge of the province, was never filled with more integrity and learning than it was by him, for several years before the revolution. John Witherspoon (17231794) was the only clergyman to sign the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation as well as serve at the convention that ratified the U.S. Constitution in New Jersey. Dreading the possibility of war, on December 12, 1774; he drew up and sent to Lord Dartmouth, Secretary for the Colonies An Expedient for the Settlement of the American Disputes, a plan for self-government of America, independent of Parliament but owing allegiance to the Crown. John C. Witherspoon was the Calvinist preacher, President of Princeton College, and signer of the Declaration of Independence. Paisley, Scotland, honored Witherspoon's memory by naming a new street in the town center after him, in honor of his having lived in Paisley for a portion of his adult life. When the Crown began to give additional authority to its appointed episcopacy over church affairs, British authorities hit a nerve in the Presbyterian Scot, who saw such events in the same lens as his Scottish Covenanters. "The remains of a man who hath been long among the foremost of his country, for power, for wisdom, and for fortune; and who, if what honors this young country can bestow, if many and great personal talents, could save man from the grave, would not thus have been lamented here by you. Coordinates: 40.35238 N, 74.66019 W. As the "Loudest Voice" for Independence, he is . The British occupied the area and did much damage to the college, nearly destroyed it. One of the most active members of the Continental Congress, Witherspoon advocated independence, served on a large number of committees, and authored a number of Resolutions of Prayer and Thanksgiving. Exhausted, racked by cancer, Rodney set out after dusk and rode all night through the pouring rain and the crashing thunder, stopping only long enough to change horses. This painting by artist John Trumbull depicts the moment on June 28, 1776, when the first draft of the Declaration of Independence was presented to the Second Continental Congress. This was an exceedingly important event in the history of higher education in America. A member of the five-man drafting committee created immediately after the Lee resolution was introduced, Jefferson had proposed that John Adams of Massachusetts undertake the actual writing of the statement, but Adams declined. John Hancock of Massachusetts, the president of the Congress, had been the first to sign. In 1777, all members of Congress and Washington's Army were required to take the oath of allegiance to the United States. When news of this reached the constituents, New Jersey elected Richard Stockton and Dr. Witherspoon to replace two of the five New Jersey delegates. Some are superior to others in mental powers and intellectual improvementsome by the great increase of their property through their own, or their predecessors industry, and some make it their choice, finding they cannot live otherwise better, to let out their labor to others for hire. One night in Edinburgh, Stockton was attacked by a robber and he defended himself skillfully with a small sword, the surprised and wounded robber fled. Frances, the youngest daughter, married Dr. David Ramsay, a delegate from South Carolina to the Continental Congress, on March 18, 1763. The gallery was crowded; the floor was reserved for members of Congress; and on the wall hung the empty frame of the portrait of George II, which Alexander Hamiltons cannon ball had destroyed in the fighting of January 3rd at the battle of Princeton six years before. "John Witherspoon." When Stockton was questioned about America by the secretary of state, he rejoiced that he had nothing to ask of the government and therefore dare speak my sentiments without cringing. After resting and preparing for battle the troops left on the 24th. John Witherspoon was one of the signers of our Declaration of Independence. Stockton's oldest son Richard was an eminent lawyer and later a Senator from New Jersey. In 1776 he was elected to the Continental Congress in time to urge adoption of the Declaration of Independence and to be the only clergyman to sign it. He made a notable comment on that occasion; in reply to another member who argued that the country was not yet ripe for such a declaration, that in his opinion it "was not only ripe for the measure, but in danger of rotting for the want of it." Presidents of Princeton University. -----------------------------------------------------------------. Stockton wrote fellow signer Abraham Clark Dear Sir, Before I left Philadelphia Congress appointed a Committee, consisting of one member from each state, to devise ways and means for furnishing the Army with clothing and etc. In 1776, the New Jersey delegates to the Congress were holding out against Independence. Witherspoon cast his affirmative vote for independence on July 2, 1776. He lost all of his extensive library, writings, and all of his property during the British invasion. Abigail is the daughter of Phillip Phillips and Hannah Stockton. He opposed slavery, advocated free public schools, and sought improved education for women and a more enlightened penal system. No 5,page 127Abstracts of the Council of Safety Minutes, State of New Jersey, 1777-1778, Hutchinson, Richard S., Heritage Books 2005,Letters of Delegates to Congress, Vol.6.Bill, Alfred Hoyt., A House Called Morven. He can have no right either to take away life, or to make it insupportable by excessive labor. In the famous painting The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull in the Rotunda of the U.S. Capitol, Richard Stockton is standing on the far left side of the painting the third figure from the left. ", Although the Stamp Act was subsequently repealed, it had been followed by the Townshend Acts and the Writs of Assistance in 1767, the Boston Massacre in 1770, increasing interference in colonial governments, the Boston Port Bill in 1774, and other "injuries and usurpations, all having, in direct object, the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these states.". Danny Pieper was elected on May 23, 2007, and the SC Supreme Court, Seat 2 to which the Hon. His aim as a minister was to defend and articulate traditional Scottish Presbyterian theology, without altering or disguising it. Richard Stockton (October 1, 1730 February 28, 1781) was an American lawyer, jurist, legislator, and a signer of the Declaration of Independence. His library, one of the finest in the colonies, was burned. John Witherspoon This Commonwealth approach was not acceptable to the King, had it been the British could have avoided the war that freed the colonies and deprived the King of the fairest jewel in his crown. He was captured there November 30, 1776, by loyalists in the dead of night, drug from his bed and marched in freezing weather clad only in a nightshirt and breeches. Declaration Timeline | For two generations his family had been Quakers, and it was his wish to be buried at the Stony Brook Meeting House Cemetery in Princeton. But a declining health and constitution worn out with application and with service obliged him, shortly after, to retire from the line of public duty, and hath at length dismissed him from the world. He was buried at Stony Brook Quaker Cemetery in Princeton, New Jersey among his Quaker ancestors. Adair, "James Madison", Fame and the Founding Fathers, ed. The Presbyterian Constitution of 1787 to which Witherspoon contributed removed provisions from the earlier Westminster Confession that allowed magistrates to suppress blasphemies and heresies, and the U.S. Constitution denied the power of the state to intervene in matters of religious faith (Morrison, 2005: 108). The eulogy was delivered by Rev. The Richard Stockton College of New Jersey is named in his honor. Heyward defied the guards by writing new words to "God Save the King" and teaching the other prisoners to sing, "God Save the States" to the old tune. Adams at first refused, but when Stockton again repeated his request and at the urging of Edward Rutledge who said only Adams had the facts at his command Adams rose to the occasion and gave a stirring speech in favor of independence. Stony Brook Quaker Meeting House Burial Ground, Princeton Township, New Jersey, United States, Oct 1 1730 - Princeton, Somerset, Province of New Jersey, Feb 28 1781 - Princeton, Somerset, New Jersey, USA, Richard Arthur Stockton, Julia Rush, Mary Stockton, Susan Stockton, Lucius Stockton, Abigail Field, Hannah Boudinot, Rev. In his Lectures on Divinity, Rev. Madam, Your favor of the 17th, conveying to me your pastoral on the subject of Lord Cornwallis capture, has given me great satisfaction. The author's work incorporates data from the application files of the Society of the Descendants of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence, the Frank W. Leach manuscript, and many other published references. If something of the kind was not done, he warned Lord Dartmouth, the result would be an obstinate, awful, and tremendous war. He spoke often in debate; helped draft the Articles of Confederation; helped organize the executive departments; played a major role in shaping foreign policy; and drew up the instructions for the peace commissioners. Nine died of wounds or hardships during the war. : Rowman and Littlefield, 200&a. He was prominent in many reforms, especially in the areas of medicine and education. Fleming H. Revell Company: 1906. Whatever their status that August, the 56 men who eventually signed the Declaration of Independence were under no illusions. Herbert Foster has identified five points of political Calvinism that appear to apply to Witherspoon: fundamental law, natural rights, contract and consent of people, popular sovereignty, resistance to tyranny through responsible representatives (Quoted in Morrison 2005: 81). IMPORTANT PRIVACY NOTICE & DISCLAIMER: YOU HAVE A RESPONSIBILITY TO USE CAUTION WHEN DISTRIBUTING PRIVATE INFORMATION. Upon his arrival at then College of New Jersey, Witherspoon found the school in debt, with weak instruction and an outdated library. John Knox Witherspoon (February 5, 1723 - November 15, 1794) was a Scots Presbyterian minister and a signatory of the United States Declaration of Independence [1] as a representative of New Jersey. Williamsburg, Virginia, Omohundro Institute of American History and Culture and Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2017. This latter claim of Knox descent though ancient in origin is long disputed and without primary documentation. Encyclopedia Table of Contents | Case Collections | Academic Freedom | Recent News, John Witherspoon, an early convert to the Patriot cause, was president of the College of New Jersey (today's Princeton University) and the only clergyman to sign the Declaration of Independence. In addition, part of the Battle of Princeton in 1777 was fought on the college campus the college was so badly damaged that it was closed for several years. 1953. In 1789 he was convening moderator of the First General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America. And like Pictet, Witherspoon was eager to show that the truths of supernatural revelation could be squared with reason. John Witherspoon brought some impressive credentials and a measure of public acclaim with him when he joined the colonies in 1768, as president of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton). John Witherspoon, who was sixth president of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) and a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Witherspoon was at first unable to accept the offer, due to his wife's great fear of crossing the sea. John Witherspoon arrived in Philadelphia to take their place as new members of Congress meeting at the State House (now Independence Hall). Born in 1723, he received the finest education available to a bright young gentleman of that era. On his visit to Scotland he was entertained by the Earl of Levin and other noblemen at Edinburgh Castle and the freedom of the city was conferred on him. The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America, When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle . During his two pastorates he wrote three well-known works on theology, notably the satire "Ecclesiastical Characteristics" (1753) opposing the philosophical influence of Francis Hutcheson. [22], Witherspoon suffered eye injuries and was blind by 1792. Although many took the pardon, Stockton never did and was marched to Perth Amboy where he was put in irons, and brutally treated as a common criminal. Lanham, Md. As a minister in the church he might have considered it beneficial to claim he was named after his ancestor.. Could you add the son James in the data and then include him in the 1776 project? [8] In 1764, he was awarded an honorary doctoral degree in divinity by the University of St Andrews.[9]. Famously, when told that the country was not yet ready for independence, Witherspoon replied that it was "not only ripe for the measure, but in danger of rotting for the want of it." Witherspoon would go on to be one of the Founding Fathers of the United States as a signatory to the Declaration of Independence in 1776. On July 1, 1776, Richard Stockton and his good friend Rev. American affairs assumed great importance in England at that time and the opinions of so distinguished an American were sought after. The servant therefore retains all his other natural rights. Five were jailed and brutally treated. Washington ordered his forces to withdraw and the Redcoats laid waste to most of the countryside, destroying in the process homes and lands of the four who signed for New York. Mailer, Gideon. He attended the Haddington Grammar School, and obtained a Master of Arts from the University of Edinburgh in 1739. In 1774, he drafted and sent to Lord Dartmouth "a plan of self-government for America, independent of Parliament, without renouncing the Crown." He was consulted on the state of American affairs by such notable men as the Marquis of Rockingham with whom he spent a week at his country estate. Witherspoon personally taught courses in eloquence or belles lettres, chronology (history), and divinity. Have you taken a DNA test? He resigned his royal appointments and New Jersey elected him to the Continental Congress in June 1776. Please enable JavaScript in your browser's settings to use this part of Geni. William James Stone, Declaration of Independence, the Stone engraving, 1823. He quickly sided with the patriots who favored independence, and in June 1776, he was elected to Congress. Some of the courses he taught personally were Eloquence or Belles Lettres, Chronology (history), and Divinity. For this reason, Rev. John Witherspoon, an early convert to the Patriot cause, was president of the College of New Jersey (today's Princeton University) and the only clergyman to sign the Declaration of Independence. The Syng inkstand is a silver inkstand used during the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the United States Constitution in 1787. The map below shows the places where the ancestors of the famous person lived. Ranging in age from 26 (Edward Rutledge) to 70 (Benjamin Franklin), they were for the most part materially well-off in colonial society. He fought against the flood of paper money, and opposed the issuance of bonds without provision for their amortization. Just one grandparent can lead you to many [15] Thus, Witherspoon and his family emigrated to New Jersey in 1768. Thus had the stage been set as Caesar Rodney galloped up Chestnut Street to the State House in Philadelphia on the morning of July 2nd. No one changed his mind. Here were the elite of the 18th century America, but few were elitist. He was a longtime friend of George Washington. There was no place to acquire these items and unfortunately no money to purchase them with if they were to be found. Stockton and his wife, Annis, were close friends of General George Washington. Few with a knowledge of history would have predicted anything but disaster and ruin for those gathered in Philadelphia during the first week of August in 1776. He also firmed up entrance requirements. 5/177. Her parents are still legally married, although they separated in 1996. These Americans had become angry not so much at the amount of the taxes exacted as the realization that this was only the opening move in a program of confiscatory taxation. John Witherspoon was the only clergyman and the only college president to sign the Declaration of Independence. His work turned Princeton into the Ivy League school it is today. External links:Richard Stockton at the Biographical Directory of the United States CongressBiography by Rev. Stocktons high character and distinguished abilities preceded him and he was received by the most eminent men of the kingdom. They had eleven children. Arms, as a last resort, must decide the contest.". The signers were public spirited and patriotic citizens who had for years been important in the affairs of their local communities and governments. Witherspoon also helped organize Nassau Presbyterian Church in Princeton, New Jersey. Princeton Press, 1948Ferris, Robert G. and Richard E. Morris, Signers of the Declaration. Witherspoon took a very active role in the debates regarding the Articles of Confederation. In regard to civil magistrates, Witherspoon thus believed moral judgment should be pursued as a science. There were no defectors. According to John Witherspoon, he arrived on or before July 3rd. [16] From among his students came 37 judges (three of whom became justices of the U.S. Supreme Court); 10 Cabinet officers; 12 members of the Continental Congress, 28 U.S. One of her poems about General Washington, on the surrender of Lord Cornwallis, shows how highly Washington esteemed these complimentary writings by the letter he wrote Annis. Please try again. John Knox Witherspoon (1723-1794)clergyman, educator, and founding fatherserved as Princeton's sixth president from 1768 until his death in 1794. On September 26, 1776, he and fellow signer George Clymer of Pennsylvania were sent on an arduous journey of nearly two months duration to inspect the northern army. They were empowered by Congress to contract for provisions, provide barracks, make regulations for hospitals and report back to Congress on the state of the army. Her health broke during captivity and Mrs. Lewis died shortly after being released in a 1778 prisoner exchange. Born February 5, 1723 (Gifford, Scotland) Died November 15, 1794 (Princeton, New Jersey) Protestant theologian, educator. With the passage of the Stamp Act, such arguments were overcome by colonial backlash. Many referred to it as the "Presbyterian Rebellion" and a Hessian soldier wrote, "America-call this war dearest friend by whatever name you may, only call it not an American Rebellion. A rest area on the southbound New Jersey Turnpike, south of Interstate 195, is named after Stockton. New England was unanimously for independence. Woods, David Walker. "[7] 4,836 Declarations were subscribed but Stockton as a Signer of the Declaration of Independence and a leading rebel never did according to General Howe. At the urging of Benjamin Rush and Richard Stockton, whom he met in Paisley,[14] Witherspoon finally accepted their renewed invitation (having turned one down in 1766) to become president and head professor of the small Presbyterian College of New Jersey in Princeton. John Witherspoon arrived in Philadelphia to take their place as new members of Congress meeting at the State House (now Independence Hall). Philip Stockton, Julia Rush (born Stockton), Susan Stockton, Lucius Stockton, Richard Arthur Stockton, Abigail Field (born Stockton), Mary Stockton, Oct 1 1730 - Princeton, New Jersey Colony, British Colonial America, Feb 28 1781 - Princeton, New Jersey Colony, British Colonial America, John Stockton, Abigail Stockton (born Phillips), Oct 1 1730 - Princeton, Mercer, New Jersey, Feb 28 1781 - Princeton, Mercer, New Jersey, USA. Family tree of John WITHERSPOON. In answer to an objection that the country was not yet ready for independence, according to tradition he replied that it "was not only ripe for the measure, but in danger of rotting for the want of it.". John Witherspoon served with American Founding Fathers during the American Revolution. Her father Elias Boudinot Sr, apprenticed as a silversmith and merchant, then traveled to the West Indies to run a plantation. Washington and his wife, Martha, were frequent visitors to Morven. Witherspoon became prominent within the church as an Evangelical opponent of the Moderate Party. Witherspoon owned slaves and lectured against the abolition of slavery.[28]. He attended the West Nottingham Academy under Dr. Samuel Finley, and then earned his degree at the College of New Jersey (Now Princeton) in 1748. Reverend Samuel Smith succeeded Dr. Witherspoon as president of Princeton in 1775. Tyranny, like Hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph.". On July 1, 1776, Richard Stockton and his good friend Rev. If not, see our friends at Ancestry DNA. Considered firm but good-humored in his leadership, Witherspoon was very popular among both faculty and students. From 1758-1768, he was minister of the Laigh Kirk, Paisley (Low Kirk). Philip STOCKTON, Susanna STOCKTON, Hannah STOCKTON, Princeton, Mercer County, New Jersey, British Colonial America, Princeton, Mercer County, NJ, United States, Princeton, Mercer County, New Jersey, British America, Princeton, Mercer County, New Jersey, United States, Morven, Princeton Township, Mercer, New Jersey, United States, Princeton, Mercer, New Jersey, United States, Patriots - Daughters of the American Revolution, Richard Signer of US Declaration of Independence Stockton, Judge Richard Stockton (Signer of Declaration of Independence), Richard, Signer Of The Declaration Of Independence Stockton, Richard Signer Of Us Declaration Of Independence STOCKTON, http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/signers/stockton.htm, http://www.dsdi1776.com/signers-by-state/richard-stockton. [John Witherspoon, Lectures on Moral Philosophy (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. [25] The next oldest son, John, graduated from Princeton in 1779, practiced medicine in South Carolina, and was lost at sea in 1795. Presbyterian Church in the United States of America, Witherspoon Street School for Colored Children, Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence, "Petition regarding the statue of John Witherspoon on Firestone Plaza", "LibGuides: African American Studies: Slavery at Princeton", Science and Religion in America, 18001860, "Statue / Monument of John Witherspoon in Washington DC by Sculptor William Couper", "National Historic Landmarks & National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania", "National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Witherspoon Building", "Princeton School Board changes name of John Witherspoon Middle School", "Welcome witherspoonsociety.org - BlueHost.com", "Presbyterian Voices for Justice celebrates its history as it donates to three social justice causes", Biography on Princeton University's website, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. The 24th to run a plantation medicine and education, Seat 2 to which Hon... 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